Effect of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccine Booster on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reservoirs and Immune Markers.

We investigated effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARV-CoV-2) booster vaccination on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoir size, immune markers, and host immune responses in people with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy. Our data suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccine is not likely to replenish the persistent HIV reservoir nor provide an immunologic environment to facilitate active HIV expression/replication.

A brief review on pregnancy risk reasoned to COVID-19

Introduction: Pregnancy is confronted with increased risk for COVID-19 since the expression of immune markers, realized the fact that the immune cells and cytokines, the virtuous understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease reduce maternal deaths. Pregnant women are enfeebled against the immune systems and are at added risk of contracting COVID-19. Indeed, they are at added risk of contracting COVID-19. The studies have proven the similarities between the COVID-19 and pregnancy regard to their immune system marked by a noticeable reduction in lymphocytes and raise in selected proinflammatory cytokines. Purpose: The study aims to conduct a review engine to enhance the knowledge on pathophysiological stirrings of condition in normal pregnancy and COVID-19, which are marked by decreased lymphocytes, NKG2A inhibitory receptors, and increased ACE2, IL-8, IL-10, and IP-10 project the risk for developing COVID-19 in pregnancy. To bring out the awareness on pregnancy vulnerability risk for COVID-19 and its complications. Method: This study is initiated with search engine reviewing previous studies correlating with various aspects of normal pregnancy COVID-19 pathophysiological aspects and COVID attack risk in pregnancy. This study probe through electronic databases such as PubMed, Medline, and Scopus databases using keywords such as Coronavirus Immune marker, Pregnancy Lymphocytes, Natural killer cells, a similar pat physiological condition in pregnancy, and COVID-19, Pregnancy vulnerability risk for COVID-19. Result: Analysed studies have given out fruitful information on pregnancy risk, the corona virus immune markers in pregnancy is seen with reduced lymphocytes, and increase proinflammatory cytokines that depict the similarity in the pathophysiological condition in pregnancy and COVID-19, pave up to pregnancy vulnerability for risk in COVID-19 contraction. Conclusion: This review analysis drawn informative tips for professionals that would be useful in educating patient as a part of preventive measure. © RJPT All right reserved.

Expression of SARS-COV-2 cell receptor gene ACE2 is associated with immunosuppression and metabolic reprogramming in lung adenocarcinoma based on bioinformatics analyses of gene expression profiles.

The aberrant expression level of SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor gene ACE2 was reported in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) comorbidity of COVID-19. However, the association of ACE2 expression levels with immunosuppression and metabolic reprogramming in LUAD remains lacking. We investigated the expression level of ACE2, an association of ACE2 expression level with various types of immune signatures, immune ratios, and pathways. We employed a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) R package to identify the gene modules and investigated prognostic roles of hub genes in LUAD. Overexpression of ACE2 level was found in LUAD and ACE2 expression was negatively associated with various types of immune signatures including CD8+ T cells, CD4+ regulatory T cells, NK cells, and T cell activation. Besides, ACE2 upregulation was not only associated with CD8+ T cell/CD4+ regulatory T cell ratios but also linked with downregulation of immune-markers including CD8A, KLRC1, GZMA, GZMB, NKG7, CCL4, and IFNG. Moreover, the ACE2 expression level was found to be associated with the enrichment level of various metabolic pathways and it was also found that the metabolic pathways are directly positively correlated with the increased expression levels of ACE2, indicating that the overexpression of ACE2 is associated with metabolic reprogramming in LUAD. Furthermore, WGCNA based analysis revealed the gene modules in the high-ACE2-expression-level group of LUAD and identified GCLC and SLC7A11 hub genes which are not only highly expressed in lung adenocarcinoma but also correlated with the poor survival prognosis. Our analysis of ACE2 in LUAD tissues suggests that ACE2 is not only a receptor but is also associated with immunosuppression and metabolic reprogramming. This study underlines the clue for understanding the clinical significance of ACE2 in COVID-19 patients with LUAD comorbidity.

Is pregnancy a risk factor of COVID-19?

This review evaluates whether pregnancy is a risk factor for COVID-19 by looking at the expression of immune markers such as immune cells and cytokines in order to have a better understanding on the pathophysiology of the disease, thus reducing maternal deaths. Pregnant women are more at risk of contracting COVID-19 due to their weakened immune system. Studies demonstrate that COVID-19 is an immune condition which is marked by reduced lymphocytes and elevated selected proinflammatory cytokines. Similar immune expression has been demonstrated in pregnancy by several studies. In addition, the placenta has been shown to possess ACE2 receptors on the villous cytotrophoblast and the syncytiotrophoblast and findings suggest that the coronavirus enters the host cells via these ACE2 receptors. The immune response in pregnancy increases the risk of contracting COVID-19. Both normal pregnancy and COVID-19 are marked by decreased lymphocytes, NKG2A inhibitory receptors, and increased ACE2, IL-8, IL-10, and IP-10 it therefore safer to conclude that pregnancy is a risk factor for COVID-19 development. Furthermore, the presence of the ACE2 receptors in the placenta may increase the risk of mother to baby transmission of the virus. Therefore, more studies investigating the link between pregnancy and COVID-19 are needed.